Репозиторий Университета

© 2019 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company Introduction: Urinary incontinence is one of the most commonly treated disorders in children at school age. Recently, a new, wearable bladder sensor became available, the SENS-U Bladder Sensor. The SENS-U is a small, wireless ultrasonic sensor, which continuously monitors the bladder filling and provides a personalized notification when it is time to go to the toilet. In this study, the aim was to examine the performance of the SENS-U as a full-bladder–based notification system in children during daily life activities. Patients and methods: In this pilot study, children (6–16 years) who were admitted for an inpatient bladder training were included. Parallel to one training day, the child would wear the SENS-U to estimate the bladder filling and it informed the child when the bladder was almost full. When the child received a full-bladder notification, the child was taught to inform the urotherapist/researcher, in order to determine the level of response. Results: Fifteen patients (boys/girls: 7/8; mean age: 11.5 ± 1.7 years) were included. Based on a personalized volume-based threshold, the SENS-U notified these children of a full bladder with a median notification rate of 92.9%. In the remaining cases, children voided before the threshold was reached (e.g. defecation). Children responded positively to the notification of the SENS-U, resulting in a median level of response equal to 100%. Conclusion: The SENS-U was able to monitor the natural bladder filling accurately during activities of daily living and provided a personalized notification to the children when it was almost time to go to the toilet. Future research will focus on investigating the efficacy of the SENS-U compared to daily clinical practices.[Figure presented]

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd The anionic ring-opening polymerization of carbazole-containing monomers, (9-carbazolylmethyl)thiirane (M1)and (3,6-di-tert-butyl-9-carbazolylmethyl)thiirane (M2), with hexanethiol or pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate)(PETMP)as initiators and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD)as catalyst at 20 °C in tetrahydrofuran or N,N-dimethylformamide as solvents has been studied. The polymerization of these monomers proceeds in a living fashion affording linear and star-shaped polymers with controlled molecular weight (Mn = 4000–15,000 g mol−1)and relatively low polydispersity (Đ < 1.3). It was demonstrated that end-capping of polymers by trifluoroacetic anhydride allowed to protect thiol end groups from oxidative coupling, which typically leads to the broadening of molecular weight distribution of the synthesized polymers. The thermal, photophysical and electrochemical properties of the synthesized linear and star-shaped polymers were estimated.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd In this review, we describe dielectric properties of biological tissues and liquids in the context of terahertz (THz) biophotonics. We discuss a model of the THz dielectric permittivity of water and water-containing media, which yields analysis of the relaxation and damped resonant molecules modes. We briefly describe modern techniques of THz spectroscopy and imaging employed in biophotonics with a strong emphasize on a THz time-domain spectroscopy. Furthermore, we consider the methods of sub-wavelength resolution THz imaging and the problem of THz wave delivery to hard to access tissues and internal organs. We consider the THz dielectric properties of biological solutions and liquids. Although strong absorption by water molecules prevents THz-waves from penetration of hydrated tissues and probing biological molecules in aqueous solutions, we discuss approaches for overcoming these drawbacks – novel techniques of freezing and temporal dehydration by application of hyperosmotic agents which have a potential for cancer detection. We review recent applications of THz technology in diagnosis of malignancies and aiding histology paying particular attention to the origin of contrast observed between healthy and pathological tissues. We consider recent applications of THz reflectometry in sensing the thinning dynamics of human pre-corneal tear film. Modern modalities of THz imaging, which relies on the concepts of multi-spectral and multi-temporal domains and employing the principles of color vision, phase analysis and tomography are discussed. Novel methods of THz spectra analysis based on machine learning, pattern recognition, chemical imaging and the revealing of the spatial distribution of various substances in a tissue, are analyzed. Advanced thermal model describing biological object irradiated by THz waves and phantoms mimicking the optical properties of tissues at THz frequencies are presented. Finally, application of the high-resolution THz spectroscopy in analytic chemistry, biology and medicine are described.

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.  Despite intensive research, thromboembolism still accounts for significant maternal morbidity and mortality. We examined thrombophilia in patients with thromboembolism during pregnancy and evaluated the efficiency of antithrombotic prophylaxis in patients with thrombophilia for the prevention of recurrent thromboembolism. Sixty-eight women with a history of thromboembolism were managed during pregnancy, in light of their thrombotic history and the result of thrombophilia assessment. Group I (n=50) received prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)±aspirin (50-100 mg/day) in preconception period or from the 1 st trimester, during pregnancy and at least 6 weeks postpartum. Group II (n=18) received LMWH±aspirin from the II to III trimester. Thromboses were associated with pregnancy in 27 patients (39.7%), with systemic diseases - in nine (13.2%), oral contraceptives use - 22 (32.3%), immobilization due to surgery and/or trauma, long flight - six (8.9%), septic complications - two (2.9%). Nevertheless, 24.5% of patients had no apparent provoking factor for the development of thrombotic complications. Thirty-seven (54%) patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) had familial history of VTE, and 25 (36.7%) had personal history of pregnancy complications (fetal loss syndrome, preeclampsia and placental abruption) (P<0.05 vs. control). Thrombophilia was detected in 58 (85.3%). Usual thrombogenic polymorphisms [factor V (FV) Leiden and prothrombin G20210A, heterozygous forms] were revealed in 16 (23.5%) and eight (11.7%) patients, respectively. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) circulation was found in 34 (50%) patients. Non-usual thrombogenic polymorphisms were identified in 44 (64.7%) of the women and hyperhomocysteinemia - in 30 (44.2%). In group I no one had severe obstetric complications. All the patients were delivered at term and all the babies were alive. In group II moderate-to-severe obstetric complications were noted: preeclampsia - in 11 (16.2%), severe preeclampsia - seven (10.3%), preterm delivery - in 18 (26.4%) patients from subgroup II (P<0.05). Women with a personal or a family history of thromboembolism and obstetric complications should be screened for thrombophilia. Beginning anticoagulant therapy early in such patients is effective not only for preventing recurring thrombosis but also preventing obstetric complications. Late prophylaxis after the completion of the trophoblast invasion therapy is much less effective.

© 2018 by the author. The heme in the active center of peroxidases reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form highly reactive intermediates, which then oxidize simple substances called peroxidase substrates. Human peroxidases can be divided into two groups: (1) True peroxidases are enzymes whose main function is to generate free radicals in the peroxidase cycle and (pseudo)hypohalous acids in the halogenation cycle. The major true peroxidases are myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase. (2) Pseudo-peroxidases perform various important functions in the body, but under the influence of external conditions they can display peroxidase-like activity. As oxidative intermediates, these peroxidases produce not only active heme compounds, but also protein-based tyrosyl radicals. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome c/cardiolipin complexes and cytoglobin are considered as pseudo-peroxidases. Peroxidases play an important role in innate immunity and in a number of physiologically important processes like apoptosis and cell signaling. Unfavorable excessive peroxidase activity is implicated in oxidative damage of cells and tissues, thereby initiating the variety of human diseases. Hence, regulation of peroxidase activity is of considerable importance. Since peroxidases differ in structure, properties and location, the mechanisms controlling peroxidase activity and the biological effects of peroxidase products are specific for each hemoprotein. This review summarizes the knowledge about the properties, activities, regulations and biological effects of true and pseudo-peroxidases in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying beneficial and adverse effects of this class of enzymes.

© 2018, MDPI AG. All rights reserved. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has long remained a critical global health issue. Covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is a persistent form of the HBV genome that maintains HBV chronicity. Decades of extensive research resulted in the two therapeutic options currently available: nucleot(s)ide analogs and interferon (IFN) therapy. A plethora of reliable markers to monitor HBV patients has been established, including the recently discovered encapsidated pregenomic RNA in serum, which can be used to determine treatment end-points and to predict the susceptibility of patients to IFN. Additionally, HBV RNA splice variants and cccDNA and its epigenetic modifications are associated with the clinical course and risks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver fibrosis. However, new antivirals, including CRISPR/Cas9, APOBEC-mediated degradation of cccDNA, and T-cell therapies aim at completely eliminating HBV, and it is clear that the diagnostic arsenal for defining the long-awaited sterilizing cure is missing. In this review, we discuss the currently available tools for detecting and measuring HBV RNAs and cccDNA, as well as the state-of-the-art in clinical implications of these markers, and debate needs and goals within the context of the sterilizing cure that is soon to come.

© 2018 The Author(s). Presently, many malaria-endemic countries in the world are transitioning towards malaria elimination. Out of the 105 countries with ongoing malaria transmission, 10 countries are classified as being in the pre-elimination phase of malaria control, and 9 countries are in the malaria elimination stage, whereas 7 countries are classified as being in the prevention of introduction phase. Between 2000 and 2015, 17 countries eliminated malaria (i.e., attained zero indigenous cases for 3 years or more). Seven countries were certified by the WHO as having successfully eliminated malaria. The purpose of this review was to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria during the various stages of malaria eradication (elimination) programmes in different countries in the past and present. Experiences of the republics of the former USSR with malaria are interesting, particularly since the data overwhelmingly were published in Russian and might not be known to western readers. Among the most important characteristics of Plasmodium vivax epidemiology at present are changes in the ratio of the short-incubation P. vivax to long-incubation P. vivax, the incidence of severe P. vivax cases, the increased numbers of asymptomatic P. vivax cases, the reduced response to anti-malarials and a few others. Various factors contributing towards the peculiarities of P. vivax epidemiology are discussed.

© 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor  &  Francis Group. Objective: In the four SMILE (Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation) studies, early administration of zofenopril in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) showed beneficial effects as compared to placebo and other angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). This study investigated whether the concomitant administration of the dihydropyridine calcium channel-blocker amlodipine may improve zofenopril efficacy to prevent cardiovascular events in post-AMI patients. Methods: This was a post-hoc analysis of pooled individual patient data from the four large randomized SMILE studies. The primary endpoint was the 1-year combined occurrence of death or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. Results: In total, 3488 patients were considered, 303 (8.7%) treated with concomitant amlodipine. Baseline systolic blood pressure and prevalence of metabolic syndrome were higher in amlodipine treated patients. The 1-year occurrence of major cardiovascular outcomes was significantly reduced in patients receiving concomitant treatment with amlodipine (hazard ratio, HR = 0.66; and 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.44–0.98; p =.039). After accounting for treatment with amlodipine, the risk of cardiovascular events was significantly reduced with zofenopril compared to placebo (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.63–0.97; p =.026]. Among ACEI-treated patients, the zofenopril plus amlodipine combination reduced the risk of cardiovascular events by 38%, compared to the combination of other ACEIs plus amlodipine [HR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.61–0.94); p =.013). The prognostic benefit of concomitant treatment with zofenopril plus amlodipine was independent from blood pressure lowering. Conclusions: Zofenopril had a positive impact on prognosis in post-AMI patients, compared to other ACEIs. Concomitant administration of amlodipine may help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events at 1 year.

© 2018, Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Essential arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the main risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Cognitive decline is an early sign of brain damage as a target organ of hypertension, it occurs even in patients with uncomplicated hypertension with minimal duration of disease. Cognitive impairment progresses with increasing age and hypertension duration, as well as in non-controlled AH. In patients with hypertension, the prevalence of emotional disorders — anxiety and depression is also high. In addition to antihypertensive therapy, hypertensive patients need correction of concomitant cognitive and emotional disorders. Rat-gopantenic acid simultaneously corrects both emotional and cognitive impairment, and has a good tolerability profile as well. An analysis of the evidence base of rac-gopantenic acid showed its high efficacy in the treatment of mental disorders and good tolerability along with a positive effect on somatic disorders and results of antihypertensive therapy. Taken together, they enhance adherence to treatment and, consequently, reduce the cardiovascular risk.

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Objectives. To study the relationship between the immune system and depression, as well as its endophenotypes (neuroticism and trait anxiety), in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Materials and methods. Studies were performed in a group of men with IHD and depression (78 patients) and without depression (91 patients), as well as in healthy male volunteers (127 subjects). Polymorphisms of the interleukin-4 (IL-4 –589C/T), interleukin-6 (IL-6 –174G/C), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α –308G/A), and C-reactive protein (CRP –717A/G) genes were studied. Results. An association between the IL-6 –174G/C polymorphism with depression comorbid with IHD was found (p = 0.01, OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2–4.3), which was apparent as an increase in the frequency of the highly expressed G allele in the group of patients with depression. The IL-4 –589C/T polymorphism was associated with IHD: the frequency of the CC IL-4 –589C/T genotype was greater in this group of patients than in the control group regardless of the presence of depression (p = 0.007, OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2–3.4). The TNF-α –308G/A and CRP –717A/G polymorphisms were not associated with depression in IHD. There were no signifi cant differences in the expression of neuroticism or trait anxiety in carriers of different genotypes at the IL-4 –589C/T, IL-6 –174G/C, TNF-α –308G/A, or CRP –717A/G loci. Conclusions. The association between the IL-6 –174G/C polymorphism with depression comorbid with IHD is consistent with published data on the role of IL-6 in the depression of depression in cardiology patients.

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The physicochemical and technological properties of an interpolymer complex of polymethyacrylic acid and polyethylene glycol, known under its commercial name “Polymer Carrier Composition” (FGUP Science Research Institute of Polymers, Russia), were studied. This polymer is an excipient substance used in the technology of solid dosage forms as a matrix former and as a film-forming agent for making long-acting and slow-release formulations. With the aim of widening the potential uses of the polymer carrier composition, the solubility of the polymer in aqueous solutions and organic solvents was studied, along with the technological and surfactant properties of the polymer; the critical gel-forming concentration was also determined. Experimental samples of tablets and oral gels of model substances with similar physicochemical properties were prepared, based on different concentrations of the Polymer Carrier Composition, and the technological, rheological, and biopharmaceutical properties of these were studied. The potential for using the polymer in both hard and soft dosage forms to obtain prolonged-release medicinal formulations is demonstrated.

© 2018 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Chronic viral infections including those by hepatitis B (CHB) virus and hepatitis C (CHC) virus have been reported to be comorbidities of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Here, we performed the first comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed literature (PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) on the prevalence of CHB and CHC in patients with CSU and vice versa. The prevalence of CHB and CHC in CSU does not appear to be increased. Less than 5% and 2% of patients with CSU have markers of CHB and CHC, respectively, according to most of the 32 studies reviewed. Urticarial rash including CSU occurs in ≤3% of patients with CHC as reported by most of 20 studies analysed. Very few patients have been assessed for the effects of antiviral hepatitis treatment on their CSU, and two but not all reportedly showed improvement. Hepatitis B/C infections appear unlikely to be linked to CSU. We suggest that routine screening for these infections in patients with CSU is not relevant or cost-effective and should not be performed unless liver function tests are abnormal, risk factors or symptoms of viral hepatitis are present, or urticarial vasculitis is suspected.

© 2018, Innovare Academics Sciences Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. Objective: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the electronic ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of herbal pharmaceutical substances (70% ethanol extracts) prepared from medicinal plant material of two snowdrop species – Galanthus woronowii Losinsk and Galanthus nivalis L. Methods: The groups of biologically active substances were investigated by UV-spectrophotometry including special sample preparation for flavonoids and alkaloids. Results: In the present study, data were obtained characterizing the composition of the main biologically active compounds of the genus Galanthus L., received its “spectrophotometric profiles.” On the basis of spectral characteristics of G. woronowii and G. nivalis flavonoids and alkaloids, we confirm feasibility for using galantamine, lycorine, quercetin, and its glycosides (hyperoside et al.) state standard samples in standardization analysis. Conclusion: It is shown that this method can be used to assess the quality of herbal pharmaceutical substances, serve to prove their identity in pharmacopoeial monograph.

© 2018, Innovare Academics Sciences Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. Objective: Today drug produced from snowdrop species (Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. and Galanthus nivalis L.) used in Russian traditional medicine for nervous and cardiovascular systems disorders treatment.Pharmacognostic study of fresh snowdrop plants including macroscopic and microscopic (morpho-anatomical diagnostic features) evaluation for identification of herbal pharmaceutical substances (HPS). Methods: Macro-and micro-scopic evaluation was carried out according to general pharmacopeial monographs of State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation XIII ed., Photographs were obtained by the microscope “Altami 139T” (10× eyepiece and lenses: 4×, 10×, 40×, 100×) with a digital camera eyepiece UCMOS05100KPA; images were processed using Altami Studio program. Results: In a pharmacognostic study of G. nivalis and G. woronowii HPS linear dimensions were determined. Several microscopic diagnostics and anatomical signs of snowdrops were investigated: Adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermis; epidermis of corolla, peduncle; internal and external outer scale epidermis, internal and external storage scale epidermis, and sizes of cells and cellular inclusions (starch grains and calcium oxalate raphides). G. woronowii and G. nivalis HPS possess differences both in the micro and macro levels in the linear dimensions. In general, dimensions of G. nivalis organs are much smaller than G. woronowii ones, this aspect is also expressed in the cell structures linear dimensions. The complex of macro-and micro-diagnostic signs allows to identify the snowdrop species. Conclusion: The results of the investigation can be used in routine quality control and for inclusion of pharmacopeial monographs for snowdrop HPSs.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique phospholipid localized almost exclusively within the mitochondrial membranes where it is synthesized. Newly synthesized CL undergoes acyl remodeling to produce CL species enriched with unsaturated acyl groups. Cld1 is the only identified CL-specific phospholipase in yeast and is required to initiate the CL remodeling pathway. In higher eukaryotes, peroxidation of CL, yielding CLOX, has been implicated in the cellular signaling events that initiate apoptosis. CLOX can undergo enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in the release of lipid mediators with signaling properties. Our previous findings suggested that CLD1 expression is upregulated in response to oxidative stress, and that one of the physiological roles of CL remodeling is to remove peroxidized CL. To exploit the powerful yeast model to study functions of CLD1 in CL peroxidation, we expressed the H. brasiliensis Δ12-desaturase gene in yeast, which then synthesized poly unsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) that are incorporated into CL species. Using LC-MS based redox phospholipidomics, we identified and quantified the molecular species of CL and other phospholipids in cld1Δ vs. WT cells. Loss of CLD1 led to a dramatic decrease in chronological lifespan, mitochondrial membrane potential, and respiratory capacity; it also resulted in increased levels of mono-hydroperoxy-CLs, particularly among the highly unsaturated CL species, including tetralinoleoyl-CL. In addition, purified Cld1 exhibited a higher affinity for CLOX, and treatment of cells with H2O2 increased CLD1 expression in the logarithmic growth phase. These data suggest that CLD1 expression is required to mitigate oxidative stress. The findings from this study contribute to our overall understanding of CL remodeling and its role in mitigating oxidative stress.

© 2018, Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved. An experimental study was performed on Wistar rats with the purpose of histological evaluation of the surgical wounds state and the processes of their healing using a conventional surgical scalpel and three radio wave devices with different operating frequencies (2.2 MHz, 2.64 MHz, 3.8 MHz). It has been established that in animals with wounds inflicted by the radio-wave at the highestworking frequency, there were statistically significant differences both in terms and in the mechanisms of wound healing. These benefits were in the absence of a blood clot in the wound after the incision, also in minimal necrosis of the operating wound and adjacent tissues, in the absence of leukocyte infiltration in the wound; early (from 3 days) reparation and epithelialization of tissues. These features contributed to a reduction in the timing of wound healing and the absence of scar formation.

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.  The polypeptide analgesic compounds APCH3 (a TRPV1 receptor inhibitor) and PT1 (a P 2 X 3 receptor inhibitor) were shown not to act on the cardiovascular system or respiratory system when given either as single or multiple doses in mice. The low molecular weight compound sevanol (an ASIC3 receptor inhibitor) had no effect on the cardiovascular system, but prolonged use for 14 days affected measures of the respiratory system, significantly increasing respiratory rate and peak expiratory flow rate.

© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is characterized by inflammation of joints and cartilage degradation leading to disability, discomfort, severe pain, inflammation, and stiffness of the joint. It has been shown that adenosine, a purine nucleoside composed of adenine attached to ribofuranose, is enzymatically produced by the human synovium. However, the functional significance of adenosine signaling in homeostasis and pathology of synovial joints remains unclear. Adenosine acts through four cell surface receptors, i.e., A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, and here, we have systematically analyzed mice with a deficiency for A3 receptor as well as pharmacological modulations of this receptor with specific analogs. The data show that adenosine receptor signaling plays an essential role in downregulating catabolic mechanisms resulting in prevention of cartilage degeneration. Ablation of A3 resulted in development of OA in aged mice. Mechanistically, A3 signaling inhibited cellular catabolic processes in chondrocytes including downregulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), an enzyme that promotes matrix degradation and inflammation, as well as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). Additionally, selective A3 agonists protected chondrocytes from cell apoptosis caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines or hypo-osmotic stress. These novel data illuminate the protective role of A3, which is mediated via inhibition of intracellular CaMKII kinase and RUNX2 transcription factor, the two major pro-catabolic regulators in articular cartilage. Key messages: Adenosine receptor A3 (A3) knockout results in progressive loss of articular cartilage in vivo.Ablation of A3 results in activation of matrix degradation and cartilage hypertrophy.A3 agonists downregulate RUNX2 and CaMKII expression in osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes.A3 prevents articular cartilage matrix degradation induced by inflammation and osmotic fluctuations.A3 agonist inhibits proteolytic activity of cartilage-degrading enzymes.

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd The variation of blood flow waveform in the internal carotid artery (ICA) with age is a well-documented hemodynamic phenomenon, but little is known about how such variation affects the characteristics of blood flow in aneurysms present in the region. In the study, hemodynamic simulations were conducted for 26 ICA aneurysms, with flow waveforms measured in the ICAs of young and older adults being used respectively to set the inflow boundary conditions. Obtained results showed that replacing the young-adult flow waveform with the older-adult one led to little changes (<10%) in simulated time-averaged wall shear stress (WSS), transient maximum WSS, relative residence time and trans-aneurysm pressure loss coefficient, but resulted in a marked increase (32.36 ± 17.24%) in oscillatory shear index (OSI). Frequency-domain wave analysis revealed that the progressive enhancement of low-frequency harmonics dominated the observed flow waveform variation with age and was a major factor contributing to the increase in OSI. Cross-sectional comparisons among the aneurysms further revealed that the degree of increase in OSI correlated positively with some specific morphological features of aneurysm, such as aspect ratio and size ratio. In summary, the study demonstrates that the variation in flow waveform with age augments the oscillation of WSS in ICA aneurysms, which underlies the importance of setting patient-specific boundary conditions in hemodynamic studies on cerebral aneurysms, especially those involving long-term patient follow-up or cross-sectional comparison among patients of different ages.

© 2018 Elsevier B.V.  Polymer frameworks have been for the first time impregnated with rhodium and palladium compounds in a supercritical carbon dioxide medium. The polymeric carriers were the mesoporous phenol-formaldehyde resin and cross-linked dendrimer networks, based on poly(propylene imine) and poly(amido amine) dendrimers. The metal compounds were rhodium acetylacetonate and palladium carboxylates including their fluoro-substituted derivatives and palladium hexafluoroacetylacetonate. Using the IR-spectroscopy method, we have shown that the metal content in the polymers was in the range of 0.3–2.0 wt.% depending on the polymer nature, cross-linking agent type and cross-linking degree. We have obtained the samples of polymer supports with nanosized metal particles through hydrogen reduction of immobilized rhodium and palladium compounds at P(H 2 ) = 6–10 MPa, T = 60 °C, 4 h time. The average rhodium particle size was 1–2 nm. It has been shown that the obtained nanocomposites were extremely active catalysts for hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons.