Репозиторий Университета

© 2018 T. S. Demina et al. The aim of the present study was to investigate an ability of chitin nanocrystals to be used as stabilizing components for fabrication of poly(L,L-lactide) microparticles via the Pickering oil/water emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The anisometric chitin nanocrystals were extracted from two different samples of crab shell chitin via acetic hydrolysis and analyzed using atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and FTIR spectroscopy. The extracted nanocrystals showed no difference in the chemical structure but possessed different morphology and aspect ratios as a function of raw chitin used. The effect of chitin nanocrystals characteristics and concentration in the aqueous phase on the total yield, size distribution, and shape and surface morphology of the prepared polylactide microparticles was evaluated.

© 2018, Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Objective. A pharmacoeconomic analysis of direct costs on treatment with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and plasmapheresis (PP) in children. Material and methods. Literature data on the pathogenesis of Guillain—Barre syndrome (GBS) were analyzed. The results of pharmacoeconomic analysis of direct costs on treatment of GBS using IVIG and PP are presented. Risks for complications during treatment with IVIG and PP are calculated. Results and conclusion. The pharmacoeconomic analysis demonstrates comparable costs of treatment with IVIG or PP in the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, a less number of complications, convenience in use and the good safety and tolerability profile make it more preferable to this group of patients. In a clinical case of a 7-year child described in the article, treatment with 10% IVIG — privigen in dose 2 g/kg during 5 days started in the 3rd week of disease showed a marked positive effect.

© 2018 Stavropol State Medical University. All rights reserved. To improve the diagnostics of erectile dysfunction (ED) 138 men with the trouble of erection quality have been examined using ultrasound dopplerography of the penis and phalloscintigraphy. In 7.8 % of cases no pathology was found. In 28.1 % of patients arterial ED has been identified by phalloscintigraphy, in 23.4 % - venoocclusive ED and in 40.6 % - disruption of the microcirculation within the corpora cavernosa of the penis. Phalloscintigraphy demonstrated high sensitivity (91 %) and specificity (94 %) in identification of various forms of vasculogenic ED.

© 2018 European Association of Urology In 2018, owing to the variety of true minimally invasive and effective treatment modalities available, early surgery in patients suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement is a valid, safe, and effective option compared to long-term less effective medical treatment.

© 2018 Morozov et al. Trans-acting small interfering RNAs (ta-siRNAs) are transcribed from protein noncoding genomic TAS loci and belong to a plant-specific class of endogenous small RNAs. These siRNAs have been found to regulate gene expression in most taxa including seed plants, gymnosperms, ferns and mosses. In this study, bioinformatic and experimental PCR-based approaches were used as tools to analyze TAS3 and TAS6 loci in transcriptomes and genomic DNAs from representatives of evolutionary distant non-vascular plant taxa such as Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta and Anthocerotophyta. We revealed previously undiscovered TAS3 loci in plant classes Sphagnopsida and Anthocerotopsida, as well as TAS6 loci in Bryophyta classes Tetraphidiopsida, Polytrichopsida, Andreaeopsida and Takakiopsida. These data further unveil the evolutionary pathway of the miR390-dependent TAS3 loci in land plants. We also identified charophyte alga sequences coding for SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING 3 (SGS3), which is required for generation of ta-siRNAs in plants, and hypothesized that the appearance of TAS3-related sequences could take place at a very early step in evolutionary transition from charophyte algae to an earliest common ancestor of land plants.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial disease, in which the interaction of the genetic component and environmental factors, determines not only the development of the disease, but also its pronounced clinical polymorphism. We assume that the high inflammatory activity of RA may be determined by the genes, the products of which trigger inflammatory processes. Objective: to investigate allele and genotype distribution of gene polymorphic variants in active anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (aCCP)-positive patients with RA from the REMARCA program versus a control group of healthy blood donors. Subjects and methods. A molecular genetic study enrolled 146 aCCP-positive patients from the REMARCA program and a control group of 314 healthy blood donors without autoimmune diseases and their presence in the history, who were matched with the study group for gender and sex. The polymorphic variants of the genes PTPN22 (+1858C>T, rs2476601), TNFAIP3 (rs6920220, rs10499194), CTLA4 (+49A>G, rs231775), TNF? (-308A>G, rs1800629), IL6 (-174G>C, rs1800795), IL6R (+358A>C, rs8192284), IL10 (-592A>C, rs1800872, -892 C>T, rs1800871, -1082 A>G, rs1800896), and MCP1/CCL2 (+2518A>G, rs1024611) were genotyped by a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Results and discussion. The genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphic variants of the genes CTLA4 (+49A>G), IL-6R (+358A>C), and IL10 (- 592A>C) in the RA group significantly differed from those in the control group. When comparing with the control group, the minor alleles of the CTLA4 and IL10 genes were markers for the risk of aCCP-positive RA with a high inflammatory activity (OR=1.4 [1.1; 1.9], p=0.02 and OR=1.9 [1.4; 2.5]; p=0.0001, respectively). At the same time, the minor C allele of the IL6R gene served as a marker of protection (OR=0.7 [0.5; 0.9]; p=0.03). Logistic regression analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant correlation of the high inflammatory activity indices SDAI, CDAI, and DAS28 with the minor homozygous GG genotype of the CTLA4 gene (OR=2.5 [1.1; 6.0]; p=0.03, OR=2.6 [1.1–6.4], p=0.03 and OR=3.4 [1.3–8.8]; p=0.01, respectively). In addition, the inflammatory activity indices SDAI and CDAI rather than DAS28-ESR were associated with at least one minor A allele (the AA/AC genotypes) of the IL10 gene (OR=2.4 [1.2; 5.1], p=0.02 and OR=2.2 [1.1; 4.7]; p=0.03, respectively). The levels of ESR and CRP were not associated with the examined polymorphisms. Conclusion. The findings may suggest that there is a relationship of the polymorphisms of the genes CTLA4 (+49A>G, rs231775), IL6R (+358A>C, rs8192284), and IL10 (-592A>C, rs1800872) to high inflammatory activity in the group of aCCP-positive patients from the REMARCA study.

© 2018 Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Forensic medical expertise carried out with a view to reconstruction of an event is a time-consuming procedure because it requires collection of a large amounts of various materials for the institution of a criminal investigation including physical evidence, photoboards of the site of an occurrence, etc. A forensic medical expert may encounter difficulties when reconstructing and scrutinizing the scene of action at a single computer monitor in order to analyze the behaviour of each participant of the event. Of great help in such situations are modern software programs allowing to visualize the site of an occurrence with a maximum approximation to reality, simulate the actions of the victim(s) and alleged offender(s), perform a large number of other forensic studies. The present article provides the practical examples illustrating the possibilities of reconstruction of various events with the use of the three-dimensional modeling based on the MicroSmith Poser and Agisoft PhotoScan software packages for clarifying various circumstances, facts, and conditions of special interest for the preliminary investigation and inquiries.

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. gem-Difluorinated phosphonium salts, generated from aldehydes and difluorinated phosphobetaine reagent, were converted into corresponding silicon reagents. The reductive silylation of carbon-phosphorus bond is carried out using a combination of magnesium and chlorotrimethylsilane in dimethylformamide. For a model difluoroined phosphonium salt, X-ray structure and reduction potential are provided.

© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Glioblastoma is the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor in the adult population. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at markers of the long arm of chromosome 10 is the most common genetic alteration in glioblastoma, being detectable in up to 80% of cases. We have tested 124 glioblastoma samples for LOH by microsatellite analysis of the 10q23.3–26.3 region which contains the cancer related genes PTEN, FGFR2, MKI67, and MGMT. Then, a real-time quantitative microsatellite analysis (QuMA) was used to qualitatively estimate the change in copy number of this region in the samples with LOH. LOH was detected in 62.1% of the glioblastoma samples. A total of 64 samples with LOH in this region were examined by QuMA. LOH was attributed to a deletion in 37.5% of cases, and uniparental disomy (UPD) in 25% of cases. In 37.5% of cases, deletion and UPD segments alternated within the region: deletions being more frequent than UPD in its proximal part (encompassing PTEN and FGFR2) and both deletions and UPD occurring at the same frequency in its distal part (MGMT). Thus, we have investigated mechanisms of structural alterations of the chromosome region 10q23.3–26.3 in glioblastoma. In addition to a structural deletion of this region, UPD was identified as a frequent cause of LOH. We resume that more detailed studies of glioblastoma at the molecular genetic level are essential in search for potential markers suitable for predicting the disease outcome and the response to treatment.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Objectives One of the most reliable methods for diagnosing bladder cancer is cystoscopy. Depending on the findings, this may be followed by a referral to a more experienced urologist or a biopsy and histological analysis of suspicious lesion. In this work, we explore whether computer-assisted triage of cystoscopy findings can identify low-risk lesions and reduce the number of referrals or biopsies, associated complications, and costs, although reducing subjectivity of the procedure and indicating when the risk of a lesion being malignant is minimal. Materials and methods Cystoscopy images taken during routine clinical patient evaluation and supported by biopsy were interpreted by an expert clinician. They were further subjected to an automated image analysis developed to best capture cancer characteristics. The images were transformed and divided into segments, using a specialised color segmentation system. After the selection of a set of highly informative features, the segments were separated into 4 classes: healthy, veins, inflammation, and cancerous. The images were then classified as healthy and diseased, using a linear discriminant, the naïve Bayes, and the quadratic linear classifiers. Performance of the classifiers was measured by using receiver operation characteristic curves. Results The classification system developed here, with the quadratic classifier, yielded 50% false-positive rate and zero false-negative rate, which means, that no malignant lesions would be missed by this classifier. Conclusions Based on criteria used for assessment of cystoscopy images by medical specialists and features that human visual system is less sensitive to, we developed a computer program that carries out automated analysis of cystoscopy images. Our program could be used as a triage to identify patients who do not require referral or further testing.

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Considering the well-known antioxidant properties of statins, it seems important to assess their impact on major markers of oxidative stress (superoxide anion radical, nitric oxide, and index of lipid peroxidation) to compare the antioxidative potentials of atorvastatin and simvastatin during the different degrees of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in rats. This study was conducted on adult male Wistar albino rats (n = 90; 4 weeks old; 100 ± 15 g body mass) in which HHcy was achieved by dietary manipulation. For 4 weeks, the animals were fed with one of the following diets: standard rodent chow, diet enriched in methionine with no deficiency in B vitamins (folic acid, B6, and B12), or diet enriched in methionine and deficient in B vitamins (folic acid, B6, and B12). At the same time, animals were treated with atorvastatin at doses of 3 mg/kg/day i.p. or simvastatin at doses of 5 mg/kg/day i.p. Levels of superoxide anion radical and TBARS were significantly decreased by administration of simvastatin in normal and high-homocysteine (Hcy) groups (p < 0.05). At 4 weeks after feeding with purified diets, the concentrations of the GSH, CAT, and SOD antioxidants were significantly affected among all groups (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that statin therapy had variable effects on the redox status in hyperhomocysteinemic rats, and simvastatin demonstrated stronger antioxidant effects than did atorvastatin.

BACKGROUND: The high level of physical activity is known to contribute to the harmonious development of children and adolescents: moreover; it is a factor promoting prevention of hypodynamia. The low level of physical activity is a risk factor for the development of many non-communicable diseases. However, physical education is not considered by many students as an attractive subject. AIM: The objective of the present study was the enhancement of the motivational aspects of physical activity for the prevention of hypodynamia among students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Physical education of the students was carried out with the use of the standard and modified methods. A total of 206 students (including 133 girls and 73 boys) at the mean age of 17.5±1.5 years were available for the examination. The study was conducted before the intervention (1st year) after the termination of the physical culture lessons envisaged by the academic curriculum (3rd year). The evaluation of the physical conditions and fitness of the students was conducted on the basis of the Russian Physical Culture and Sport Complex (GTO), bioimpedance analysis making use of the 'Medass' ABC-01 device; the functional reserves of the organism were assessed by means of hardware-software programs; the changes in food preferences were estimated on the basis of the FLLANK, questionnaire preliminarily adapted to the specific conditions of this country, and the characteristics of the metabolic processes were evaluated by laser correlation spectroscopy. RESULTS: Dynamics of the successful performance of the GTO normatives in the girls manifested itself in the in reduction of time they spent to run the 100 meter distance; the same was true for the boys who had to overcome the distance of 3000 meters. The students of both sexes became capable of increasing the number of repetitions of crunch and jumping rope exercises. The basal metabolism in the girls was increased within one year after the start of classes, and in the boys two years after the onset of the exercises; simultaneously, the positive changes in the metabolic profile were documented in the students of either sex. No adverse events related to the application of the modified training methods were recorded. CONCLUSION: An important aspect of the present study was the impact of new methods of teaching physical education on the composite body composition. The modified methods were found to shift dietary preferences and metabolic processes in the body of the students after the termination of the educational program.

Today, stroke is the third most common pathology after cardiovascular disease and cancer, as well as the leading cause of disability in the world. Although some progress has been made in the field of primary and secondary stroke prevention over the past few decades, a deeper knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease is needed to significantly improve diagnosis and therapy. MicroRNA (miRNA) is an important, recently identified class of posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. MiRNA can be used as a tool for therapeutic interventions. This review considers a role of miRNAs in the regulation of experimental stroke and in the development of carotid artery stroke. A potential role of miRNAs as promising biomarkers of stroke is discussed.

© 2018 Stavropol State Medical University. All Rights Reserved. The review presents modern methods of therapeutic treatment of periodontal disease using a variety of drugs. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of drugs in various dosage forms and medical devices are presented. The actual direction in development of new means of hygiene and care of the oral cavity based on the use of natural mineral salts for non-drug therapy of periodontal diseases is revealed.

© 2018 Medical Education. All Rights Reserved. The aims of the study were to examine age-related features of immune response to measles virus in staff of a large city hospital and to define groups at risk for measles outbreaks. Methods. The study involved 1,855 staff members of a large city hospital aged ≥ 19 years old who had documented vaccination against measles or a history of measles. The participants were divided into age groups with 5-year intervals starting from 19 years of age; there were 11 groups in total. The immune response to measles virus was measured in sera by ELISA using Vector-Best IgG-Kor test system (Russia). Results. Young employers of 19 to 23 years of age were most susceptible to measles; protective antibody level was not detected in 38.5% of them. They were followed by young-to-middle-aged workers (24 to 48 years old) who were negative for anti-measles antibodies or had non-protective level of antibodies in 16.7% to 27.5%. The anti-measles antibody level was low (42.3 % to 60.0 %) in employers of 19 to 43 years of age and gradually increased to 46.3% – 92.2% in the group of 44 to 68 years old. Conclusion. Herd immunity against measles in employers of a large city hospital did not meet requirements for successful infection control which implicates ≤ 7% of seronegative individuals. This means that measles outbreak could occur at any time because the proportion of seronegative individuals (11.5%) twice exceeded the cut-off value; the antibody level was controversial in 3.2% of individuals. Therefore, monitoring anti-measles antibody level in hospital staff is necessary to detect groups at risk who should be vaccinated against measles.

© 2018 Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute.All Rights Reserved. Enteroviruses are small RNA viruses, which are ubiquitous and commonly cause outbreaks with various clinical manifestations. In 2006, the Program on enterovirus surveillance was approved in the Russian Federation. Over the last years, molecular-biological and bioinformatics methods for enterovirus epidemiology studies have been developed both in Russia and worldwide. Currently, identification of enteroviruses is carried out by analyzing nucleotide sequence of the full-length VP1 genome region (ca. 900 nt). Routinely, it is sufficient to obtain a partial VP1 genome region sequence (ca. 300 bp) for enteroviruse verification in most cases; however, a more stringent type criterion of 80% sequence identity should be used compared to the 75% sequence identity cut-off for the complete VP1 genome region. Further sequence analysis may be performed by using Bayesian phylogenetic methods, which allow using molecular clock to trace outbreak emergence. Enteroviruses accumulate about 0.5–1% nucleotide substitutions per year. Therefore, a short genome fragment may be used to analyze virus phylodynamics at the level of international transfers and circulating virus variants. On a shorter timescale, a full-length VP1 genome region or a complete genome sequence are preferred for investigating molecular epidemiology, because a short sequence allows to reliably distinguish not more than 1–2 transmission events per year. Thus, determining enterovirus sequences for full-length VP1 genome region or full-genome sequence is preferred for examining viral outbreaks. It is increasingly apparent that analyzing available enterovirus nucleotide sequences reveals limitations related to uneven surveillance efficacy in various countries and short length of genome fragment measured in routine control. As a result, a proper global-scale analysis of enterovirus molecular epidemiology remains problematic. Over the last 20 years, the number of available enterovirus nucleotide sequences increased by hundred times, but understanding emergence of enterovirus infection outbreaks remains limited. Further development of enterovirus surveillance would require new methods for sewage monitoring, affordable high-throughput sequencing and harmonization of global surveillance systems.

© 2018 Ruslania. All rights reserved. The frequency of resistance of pathogens to antimicrobial drugs is on continued rise with a threat of returning to the "pre-antibiotic" era. This has led to the appearance of bacterial infections which are essentially untreatable by the current spectrum of available modem preparations. The presence of cross-group resistance inspires the search of new targets for antibacterial drugs both in the pathogen body and in the human body. This review considers potential strategies for the search of the new generation of antimicrobial agents for treating drug-resistant pathogens.

© 2018, Media Sphera Publishing Group. All rights reserved. A systematic review summarizes the results of studies on the efficacy of myorelaxants (tolperisone, tizanidine, thiocolchicoside or baclofen) in the treatment of acute nonspecific low back pain published up to Dec. 2017. The authors conclude that there are enough data to confirm the efficacy of myorelaxants in treatment of nonspecific low back pain, myorelaxants are recommended as monotherapy or in combination with analgesics or NSAID, the nonsedative drugs tolperisone or thiocolchicoside should be preferred.

© 2018 Izdatel'stvo Meditsina. All rights reserved. The rise of resistance in bacteria, rendering pathogens unresponsive to many clinical drugs, is widely acknowledged and considered a critical global healthcare issue. This led to the emergence of bacterial infections which essentially do not lend themselves to treatment with the modern arsenal of available antibiotics. Various efforts have been made to develop new antimicrobial agents that can act against strains of drug-resistant pathogens. The article contains information on some new molecules approved since 2000, mechanisms of their action, the spectrum of antibacterial activity, and indications for use in relevant therapeutic regimens.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02515.].